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+{
+ "cells": [
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "# Analysis of the risk of failure of the O-rings on the Challenger shuttle"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "On January 27, 1986, the day before the takeoff of the shuttle _Challenger_, had\n",
+    "a three-hour teleconference was held between \n",
+    "Morton Thiokol (the manufacturer of one of the engines) and NASA. The\n",
+    "discussion focused on the consequences of the\n",
+    "temperature at take-off of 31°F (just below\n",
+    "0°C) for the success of the flight and in particular on the performance of the\n",
+    "O-rings used in the engines. Indeed, no test\n",
+    "had been performed at this temperature.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The following study takes up some of the analyses carried out that\n",
+    "night with the objective of assessing the potential influence of\n",
+    "the temperature and pressure to which the O-rings are subjected\n",
+    "on their probability of malfunction. Our starting point is \n",
+    "the results of the experiments carried out by NASA engineers\n",
+    "during the six years preceding the launch of the shuttle\n",
+    "Challenger."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Loading the data\n",
+    "We start by loading this data:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 3,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
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+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>Date</th>\n",
+       "      <th>Count</th>\n",
+       "      <th>Temperature</th>\n",
+       "      <th>Pressure</th>\n",
+       "      <th>Malfunction</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>0</th>\n",
+       "      <td>4/12/81</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>66</td>\n",
+       "      <td>50</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>11/12/81</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>70</td>\n",
+       "      <td>50</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>2</th>\n",
+       "      <td>3/22/82</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>69</td>\n",
+       "      <td>50</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>3</th>\n",
+       "      <td>11/11/82</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>68</td>\n",
+       "      <td>50</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>4</th>\n",
+       "      <td>4/04/83</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>67</td>\n",
+       "      <td>50</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>5</th>\n",
+       "      <td>6/18/82</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>72</td>\n",
+       "      <td>50</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>6</th>\n",
+       "      <td>8/30/83</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>73</td>\n",
+       "      <td>100</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>7</th>\n",
+       "      <td>11/28/83</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>70</td>\n",
+       "      <td>100</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>8</th>\n",
+       "      <td>2/03/84</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>57</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>9</th>\n",
+       "      <td>4/06/84</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>63</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>10</th>\n",
+       "      <td>8/30/84</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>70</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>11</th>\n",
+       "      <td>10/05/84</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>78</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>12</th>\n",
+       "      <td>11/08/84</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>67</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>13</th>\n",
+       "      <td>1/24/85</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>53</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>14</th>\n",
+       "      <td>4/12/85</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>67</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>15</th>\n",
+       "      <td>4/29/85</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>75</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>16</th>\n",
+       "      <td>6/17/85</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>70</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>17</th>\n",
+       "      <td>7/29/85</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>81</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>18</th>\n",
+       "      <td>8/27/85</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>76</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>19</th>\n",
+       "      <td>10/03/85</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>79</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>20</th>\n",
+       "      <td>10/30/85</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>75</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>21</th>\n",
+       "      <td>11/26/85</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>76</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>0</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>22</th>\n",
+       "      <td>1/12/86</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>58</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "        Date  Count  Temperature  Pressure  Malfunction\n",
+       "0    4/12/81      6           66        50            0\n",
+       "1   11/12/81      6           70        50            1\n",
+       "2    3/22/82      6           69        50            0\n",
+       "3   11/11/82      6           68        50            0\n",
+       "4    4/04/83      6           67        50            0\n",
+       "5    6/18/82      6           72        50            0\n",
+       "6    8/30/83      6           73       100            0\n",
+       "7   11/28/83      6           70       100            0\n",
+       "8    2/03/84      6           57       200            1\n",
+       "9    4/06/84      6           63       200            1\n",
+       "10   8/30/84      6           70       200            1\n",
+       "11  10/05/84      6           78       200            0\n",
+       "12  11/08/84      6           67       200            0\n",
+       "13   1/24/85      6           53       200            2\n",
+       "14   4/12/85      6           67       200            0\n",
+       "15   4/29/85      6           75       200            0\n",
+       "16   6/17/85      6           70       200            0\n",
+       "17   7/29/85      6           81       200            0\n",
+       "18   8/27/85      6           76       200            0\n",
+       "19  10/03/85      6           79       200            0\n",
+       "20  10/30/85      6           75       200            2\n",
+       "21  11/26/85      6           76       200            0\n",
+       "22   1/12/86      6           58       200            1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 3,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "import numpy as np\n",
+    "import pandas as pd\n",
+    "data = pd.read_csv(\"shuttle.csv\")\n",
+    "data"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The data set shows us the date of each test, the number of O-rings (there are 6 on the main launcher), the temperature (in Fahrenheit) and pressure (in psi), and finally the number of identified malfunctions."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Graphical inspection\n",
+    "Flights without incidents do not provide any information\n",
+    "on the influence of temperature or pressure on malfunction.\n",
+    "We thus focus on the experiments in which at least one O-ring\n",
+    "was defective."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 4,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<div>\n",
+       "<style scoped>\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
+       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "\n",
+       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
+       "        text-align: right;\n",
+       "    }\n",
+       "</style>\n",
+       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
+       "  <thead>\n",
+       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
+       "      <th></th>\n",
+       "      <th>Date</th>\n",
+       "      <th>Count</th>\n",
+       "      <th>Temperature</th>\n",
+       "      <th>Pressure</th>\n",
+       "      <th>Malfunction</th>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </thead>\n",
+       "  <tbody>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>1</th>\n",
+       "      <td>11/12/81</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>70</td>\n",
+       "      <td>50</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>8</th>\n",
+       "      <td>2/03/84</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>57</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>9</th>\n",
+       "      <td>4/06/84</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>63</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>10</th>\n",
+       "      <td>8/30/84</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>70</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>13</th>\n",
+       "      <td>1/24/85</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>53</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>20</th>\n",
+       "      <td>10/30/85</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>75</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>2</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "    <tr>\n",
+       "      <th>22</th>\n",
+       "      <td>1/12/86</td>\n",
+       "      <td>6</td>\n",
+       "      <td>58</td>\n",
+       "      <td>200</td>\n",
+       "      <td>1</td>\n",
+       "    </tr>\n",
+       "  </tbody>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "</div>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "        Date  Count  Temperature  Pressure  Malfunction\n",
+       "1   11/12/81      6           70        50            1\n",
+       "8    2/03/84      6           57       200            1\n",
+       "9    4/06/84      6           63       200            1\n",
+       "10   8/30/84      6           70       200            1\n",
+       "13   1/24/85      6           53       200            2\n",
+       "20  10/30/85      6           75       200            2\n",
+       "22   1/12/86      6           58       200            1"
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 4,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "data = data[data.Malfunction>0]\n",
+    "data"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "We have a high temperature variability but\n",
+    "the pressure is almost always 200, which should\n",
+    "simplify the analysis.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "How does the frequency of failure vary with temperature?"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 5,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "image/png": 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\n",
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {
+      "needs_background": "light"
+     },
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "%matplotlib inline\n",
+    "pd.set_option('mode.chained_assignment',None) # this removes a useless warning from pandas\n",
+    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
+    "\n",
+    "data[\"Frequency\"]=data.Malfunction/data.Count\n",
+    "data.plot(x=\"Temperature\",y=\"Frequency\",kind=\"scatter\",ylim=[0,1])\n",
+    "plt.grid(True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "At first glance, the dependence does not look very important, but let's try to\n",
+    "estimate the impact of temperature $t$ on the probability of O-ring malfunction."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Estimation of the temperature influence\n",
+    "\n",
+    "Suppose that each of the six O-rings is damaged with the same\n",
+    "probability and independently of the others and that this probability\n",
+    "depends only on the temperature. If $p(t)$ is this probability, the\n",
+    "number $D$ of malfunctioning O-rings during a flight at\n",
+    "temperature $t$ follows a binomial law with parameters $n=6$ and\n",
+    "$p=p(t)$. To link $p(t)$ to $t$, we will therefore perform a\n",
+    "logistic regression."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 6,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "text/html": [
+       "<table class=\"simpletable\">\n",
+       "<caption>Generalized Linear Model Regression Results</caption>\n",
+       "<tr>\n",
+       "  <th>Dep. Variable:</th>      <td>Frequency</td>    <th>  No. Observations:  </th>  <td>     7</td>  \n",
+       "</tr>\n",
+       "<tr>\n",
+       "  <th>Model:</th>                 <td>GLM</td>       <th>  Df Residuals:      </th>  <td>     5</td>  \n",
+       "</tr>\n",
+       "<tr>\n",
+       "  <th>Model Family:</th>       <td>Binomial</td>     <th>  Df Model:          </th>  <td>     1</td>  \n",
+       "</tr>\n",
+       "<tr>\n",
+       "  <th>Link Function:</th>        <td>logit</td>      <th>  Scale:             </th> <td>  1.0000</td> \n",
+       "</tr>\n",
+       "<tr>\n",
+       "  <th>Method:</th>               <td>IRLS</td>       <th>  Log-Likelihood:    </th> <td> -2.5250</td> \n",
+       "</tr>\n",
+       "<tr>\n",
+       "  <th>Date:</th>           <td>Fri, 13 Jun 2025</td> <th>  Deviance:          </th> <td> 0.22231</td> \n",
+       "</tr>\n",
+       "<tr>\n",
+       "  <th>Time:</th>               <td>14:15:51</td>     <th>  Pearson chi2:      </th>  <td> 0.236</td>  \n",
+       "</tr>\n",
+       "<tr>\n",
+       "  <th>No. Iterations:</th>         <td>4</td>        <th>  Covariance Type:   </th> <td>nonrobust</td>\n",
+       "</tr>\n",
+       "</table>\n",
+       "<table class=\"simpletable\">\n",
+       "<tr>\n",
+       "       <td></td>          <th>coef</th>     <th>std err</th>      <th>z</th>      <th>P>|z|</th>  <th>[0.025</th>    <th>0.975]</th>  \n",
+       "</tr>\n",
+       "<tr>\n",
+       "  <th>Intercept</th>   <td>   -1.3895</td> <td>    7.828</td> <td>   -0.178</td> <td> 0.859</td> <td>  -16.732</td> <td>   13.953</td>\n",
+       "</tr>\n",
+       "<tr>\n",
+       "  <th>Temperature</th> <td>    0.0014</td> <td>    0.122</td> <td>    0.012</td> <td> 0.991</td> <td>   -0.238</td> <td>    0.240</td>\n",
+       "</tr>\n",
+       "</table>"
+      ],
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<class 'statsmodels.iolib.summary.Summary'>\n",
+       "\"\"\"\n",
+       "                 Generalized Linear Model Regression Results                  \n",
+       "==============================================================================\n",
+       "Dep. Variable:              Frequency   No. Observations:                    7\n",
+       "Model:                            GLM   Df Residuals:                        5\n",
+       "Model Family:                Binomial   Df Model:                            1\n",
+       "Link Function:                  logit   Scale:                          1.0000\n",
+       "Method:                          IRLS   Log-Likelihood:                -2.5250\n",
+       "Date:                Fri, 13 Jun 2025   Deviance:                      0.22231\n",
+       "Time:                        14:15:51   Pearson chi2:                    0.236\n",
+       "No. Iterations:                     4   Covariance Type:             nonrobust\n",
+       "===============================================================================\n",
+       "                  coef    std err          z      P>|z|      [0.025      0.975]\n",
+       "-------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n",
+       "Intercept      -1.3895      7.828     -0.178      0.859     -16.732      13.953\n",
+       "Temperature     0.0014      0.122      0.012      0.991      -0.238       0.240\n",
+       "===============================================================================\n",
+       "\"\"\""
+      ]
+     },
+     "execution_count": 6,
+     "metadata": {},
+     "output_type": "execute_result"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "import statsmodels.api as sm\n",
+    "\n",
+    "data[\"Success\"]=data.Count-data.Malfunction\n",
+    "data[\"Intercept\"]=1\n",
+    "\n",
+    "logmodel=sm.GLM(data['Frequency'], data[['Intercept','Temperature']], family=sm.families.Binomial(sm.families.links.logit)).fit()\n",
+    "\n",
+    "logmodel.summary()"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "The most likely estimator of the temperature parameter is 0.0014\n",
+    "and the standard error of this estimator is 0.122, in other words we\n",
+    "cannot distinguish any particular impact and we must take our\n",
+    "estimates with caution."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "## Estimation of the probability of O-ring malfunction\n",
+    "\n",
+    "The expected temperature on the take-off day is 31°F. Let's try to\n",
+    "estimate the probability of O-ring malfunction at\n",
+    "this temperature from the model we just built:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 7,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "data": {
+      "image/png": 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\n",
+      "text/plain": [
+       "<Figure size 432x288 with 1 Axes>"
+      ]
+     },
+     "metadata": {
+      "needs_background": "light"
+     },
+     "output_type": "display_data"
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "%matplotlib inline\n",
+    "data_pred = pd.DataFrame({'Temperature': np.linspace(start=30, stop=90, num=121), 'Intercept': 1})\n",
+    "data_pred['Frequency'] = logmodel.predict(data_pred[['Intercept','Temperature']])\n",
+    "data_pred.plot(x=\"Temperature\",y=\"Frequency\",kind=\"line\",ylim=[0,1])\n",
+    "plt.scatter(x=data[\"Temperature\"],y=data[\"Frequency\"])\n",
+    "plt.grid(True)"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {
+    "hideCode": false,
+    "hidePrompt": false,
+    "scrolled": true
+   },
+   "source": [
+    "As expected from the initial data, the\n",
+    "temperature has no significant impact on the probability of failure of the\n",
+    "O-rings. It will be about 0.2, as in the tests\n",
+    "where we had a failure of at least one joint. Let's get back\n",
+    "to the initial dataset to estimate the probability of failure:"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": 8,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [
+    {
+     "name": "stdout",
+     "output_type": "stream",
+     "text": [
+      "0.06521739130434782\n"
+     ]
+    }
+   ],
+   "source": [
+    "data = pd.read_csv(\"shuttle.csv\")\n",
+    "print(np.sum(data.Malfunction)/np.sum(data.Count))"
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "markdown",
+   "metadata": {},
+   "source": [
+    "This probability is thus about $p=0.065$. Knowing that there is\n",
+    "a primary and a secondary O-ring on each of the three parts of the\n",
+    "launcher, the probability of failure of both joints of a launcher\n",
+    "is $p^2 \\approx 0.00425$. The probability of failure of any one of the\n",
+    "launchers is $1-(1-p^2)^3 \\approx 1.2%$.  That would really be\n",
+    "bad luck.... Everything is under control, so the takeoff can happen\n",
+    "tomorrow as planned.\n",
+    "\n",
+    "But the next day, the Challenger shuttle exploded and took away\n",
+    "with her the seven crew members. The public was shocked and in\n",
+    "the subsequent investigation, the reliability of the\n",
+    "O-rings was questioned. Beyond the internal communication problems\n",
+    "of NASA, which have a lot to do with this fiasco, the previous analysis\n",
+    "includes (at least) a small problem.... Can you find it?\n",
+    "You are free to modify this analysis and to look at this dataset\n",
+    "from all angles in order to to explain what's wrong."
+   ]
+  },
+  {
+   "cell_type": "code",
+   "execution_count": null,
+   "metadata": {},
+   "outputs": [],
+   "source": []
+  }
+ ],
+ "metadata": {
+  "celltoolbar": "Hide code",
+  "kernelspec": {
+   "display_name": "Python 3",
+   "language": "python",
+   "name": "python3"
+  },
+  "language_info": {
+   "codemirror_mode": {
+    "name": "ipython",
+    "version": 3
+   },
+   "file_extension": ".py",
+   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
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+   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
+   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
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+ },
+ "nbformat": 4,
+ "nbformat_minor": 2
+}